Older adults are particularly vulnerable to several types of infections, and those with cognitive impairment or live in senior care, may be at an even greater risk. Infections can cause severe illness and are a leading cause of death in adults 65 years of age and older. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) reports that 33% of all deaths in adults over age 65 are related to infectious diseases. Common infections such as the flu (influenza) or UTIs (urinary tract infections) can occur at any age, but for older adults, they may be more difficult to diagnose, cause great discomfort, lead to worse health problems and be associated with higher risk for hospitalization. Caregivers should take any infection seriously and be aware of the type of infection, its symptoms and treatments. It is important to understand the most common infections and how symptoms like appetite loss, changes in mental status, a decline in overall functioning, and incontinence may be associated with them.
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Five Common Infections in Seniors
Bacterial Pneumonia
Over 60% of older adults are admitted to the hospital due to bacterial pneumonia. Being older creates a higher risk for this infection because of health factors like diabetes, heart conditions, decreased lung capacity, and being exposed to infections in a senior care community. Typical symptoms such as cough, fever and the chills are not as frequently seen in older adults as are non-respiratory symptoms like delirium and a rapid onset of confusion. Bacterial infections are commonly treated with antibiotics and a pneumococcal vaccine may be effective in preventing an infection.
Influenza
According to The American Academy of Family Physicians, influenza and pneumonia when combined, are the 6th leading cause of death in older adults. The flu is associated with weakened immunity, which can lead to other health problems like pneumonia. Older adults living in care settings are at a higher risk because the flu is easily transmitted by coughing and sneezing which occurs in a closed environment. Flu vaccines and antiviral medications may help to prevent the flu.
Skin Infections
Older adults are at an increased risk of developing various infections of the skin due to age-related issues like decreased resistance to infection and increased time to heal. Skin infections such as cellulitis, MRSA, bacterial or fungal infections, and viral infections including shingles and pressure injuries are more common at older ages. Signs and symptoms include itching, lesions pain and discomfort. Shingles can be prevented with a vaccination and most skin infections are treatable. Caregivers and seniors should always wash their hands, especially in care settings.
Gastrointestinal Infections
Age-related changes in the gut and digestive process create a higher risk of G.I. infections. One such infection, Helicobacter pylori, can cause a fever, nausea, and pain in the upper abdomen. It can also lead to more serious and chronic conditions like gastritis. Another infection, Clostridium difficile, is a common diarrhea-causing condition and is associated with overuse of antibiotics which cause damage and changes in the gut. Both infections are more common in senior care. Treatment includes combination medications and discontinuing the use of antibiotics.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
UTIs are the most common bacterial infection in adults over age 65. Diabetes can increase the risk of a UTI as can the use of catheters. Caregivers should watch for confusion, changes in behavior, worsening of existing cognitive problems and urinary incontinence. Typical symptoms such as pain and discomfort aren’t always present among older adults. If suspected, treatment begins with a urinalysis, followed by the use of antibiotics, and increasing fluid intake.
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